28 It is - Wisdom

28 It is Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 1:29:48 +0000
If we could be persuaded that it is not 3xtended, it would not be difficult to convince us that it does not exist. For my part, I find it just as diffi cult to imagine the world without extension as without ex istence, and if I could be made to believe its extension an illusion, I should easily believe its existence also an illu sion. 28 It is to be observed that although we confess our ignorance of the internal nature of extension, it is still ne cessary to admit that we know something of it ; its dimen sions, namely, and what serves as the basis of geometry.

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1. - Interesting and amusing effects Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 21:50:41 +0000
The lew picture is then exhibited in the same way. 525 Dissolving views. Interesting and amusing effects are produced by placing two lanterns of equal power, so as to throw pictures of precisely equal magnitude on the same part of the same screen.

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2. - If the covers Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 22:07:06 +0000
A sliding cover is placed in front of the nozzle of each of the lanterns, and these are moved simultaneously in such a man- ner, that when the nozzle of one lantern is completely opened, that of the other is completely closed, so that, according as the former is gradually closed, the latter is gradually opened. To illustrate this class of effects, which always create an agreeable surprise, let us suppose that two sliders are placed in the lanterns, one representing a landscape by day, and the other representing precisely the same landscape by night, and let the nozzle of that which contains the day landscape be opened, the other being closed : the picture on the screen will then represent the day landscape. If the covers of the nozzles be now slowly moved, so that that of the lantern which shows the day landscape shall be gradually closed, and that of the other shall be gradually opened, the effect on the screen will be that the daylight will gradually decline, the view assuming, by slow de- grees, the appearance of approaching night.

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3. - The mistiness and confusion Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 22:20:50 +0000
This gradual change will go on, until the nozzle of the lantern containing the day picture has been completely closed, and that containing the night picture completely opened, when the change from day to night will be accomplished, the picture on the screen being then a night landscape. The optical effect produced by two lanterns working together, called dissolving views, with which the public has been rendered familiar at several of the public institutions in London, depends on the alternate opening and closing of the nozzles of two lan- terns, in the manner here described. The mistiness and confusion which is exhibited in the gradual disappearance of the one view, and the gradual appearance of the other, arises from the circum- stance of the nozzles of both lanterns being partially open at the same moment, so that both views, faintly illuminated, are pro- jected upon the screen at the same time.

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4. - 526 Illumination of pictures Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 22:35:14 +0000
The mixture of their outline and colours produces the mistiness and confusion, with which all spectators of such exhibitions are familiar. According as the nozzle of the lantern, which contains the disappearing view, is more and more closed, and that which contains the appearing view more and more open, the latter becomes more and more dis- tinct, and becomes perfectly so, when the one lantern is completely closed, and the other is completely opened. 526 Illumination of pictures by gras and electric light For family and school purposes, a good lamp is the most conve- nient means of illuminating the sliders ; but where exhibitions are produced before larger and adult audiences, other and more effec- tual means of illumination are resorted to.

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5. - It might be imagined Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 22:47:20 +0000
For several years, the lanterns by which dissolving views, and other effects, have been produced in the public exhibitions in London, have been illuminated by the oxy-hydrogen light. This light proceeds from a ball or cylinder of lime, rendered incandescent, or white hot, by the flame of a blow pipe, from which a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen gases, in the proportion in which these gases produce water, issues. It might be imagined that the light produced by a piece of solid matter like lime, however intensely heated, could never be brilliant enough to produce a strong illumination; nevertheless, the light radiated from the lime in this case, was the most intense artificial light which had ever been produced, until the invention of another, which we shall presently notice.

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6. - This method of illumination, though Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 22:57:39 +0000
In the oxy-hydrogen lanterns, the cylinder of lime is mounted so as to occupy the place of the flame of the lamp in the axis of the lenses. The flame of the blow pipe is projected upon that side of it which is presented towards the lenses, and since the lime, though it does not undergo combustion, is gradually wasted by the action of the flame, it is kept in slow revolution by clock- work, connected with the axis upon which it is supported, so as to present to the flame successively different parts of its surface. This method of illumination, though still continued, is greatly surpassed in splendour by that of the electric light, which has recently been applied to the magic lantern by M Dubosc, the successor of M Soleil, the celebrated Paris optician.

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7. - 257 The wires H K Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 23:08:52 +0000
The electric light is produced by bringing two pieces of charcoal, previously put in connection with the poles of a voltaic battery, nearly into contact ; the volta current will then pass from one to the other, the ends of the charcoal thus nearly in contact becom- ing incandescent, and emitting the most brilliant artificial light which has ever yet been produced. The method of mounting this illuminating apparatus in the lantern ia shown in. 257 The wires H K, being connected with the poles of the battery, are attached to two pieces of metal, the negative wire H communicating with the upper pencil of charcoal, c, and the positive wire K with the lower charcoal pencil, a.

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8. - To prevent this Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 23:24:16 +0000
The points of the pencils being nearly in contact, the light will be produced in the manner just explained. Although the charcoal does not, properly speaking, undergo combustion, it is gradually wasted, and when the points would thus become sepa- rated, the current would be suspended, and, therefore, the light would cease. To prevent this, and to maintain the illumination, an apparatus con- sisting of clockwork is provided in the case p, by which the charcoal pencil, a, is kept nearly in contact with the pencil, c.

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9. - This is accomplished by placing Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 23:37:40 +0000
The clockwork is so constructed that its motion is governed by the current. M Dubosc has contrived means, by which a single electric light will serve to illuminate at the same time two lanterns, placed side by side for exhibition. This is accomplished by placing the light between two reflectors, so inclined that each reflects it in the direction of the axis of one of the lanterns.

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10. - But by the substitution Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 23:48:16 +0000
As an instrument for popular and general instruction, the solar microscope holds a high place. Until recently, its use has been restricted in these climates, by the circumstance of bright sun- shine, and a room having a suitable aspect, being conditions indis- pensable for its performance. But by the substitution of the oxy- hydrogen light, and, more recently still, of the electric light, the utility and pleasure, derivable from this instrument of popular illustration, have been immensely extended.

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