The curve is therefore formed

The curve is therefore formed Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 0:10:14 +0000
A direction always varied is a collection of right directions infinitely small. Therefore, the circumference of a circle is considered as a polygon of an infinite number of sides. The curve is therefore formed by the variety of directions reduced to infinitesimal values.

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1. - The mistiness and confusion Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 22:20:50 +0000
This gradual change will go on, until the nozzle of the lantern containing the day picture has been completely closed, and that containing the night picture completely opened, when the change from day to night will be accomplished, the picture on the screen being then a night landscape. The optical effect produced by two lanterns working together, called dissolving views, with which the public has been rendered familiar at several of the public institutions in London, depends on the alternate opening and closing of the nozzles of two lan- terns, in the manner here described. The mistiness and confusion which is exhibited in the gradual disappearance of the one view, and the gradual appearance of the other, arises from the circum- stance of the nozzles of both lanterns being partially open at the same moment, so that both views, faintly illuminated, are pro- jected upon the screen at the same time.

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2. - 526 Illumination of pictures Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 22:35:14 +0000
The mixture of their outline and colours produces the mistiness and confusion, with which all spectators of such exhibitions are familiar. According as the nozzle of the lantern, which contains the disappearing view, is more and more closed, and that which contains the appearing view more and more open, the latter becomes more and more dis- tinct, and becomes perfectly so, when the one lantern is completely closed, and the other is completely opened. 526 Illumination of pictures by gras and electric light For family and school purposes, a good lamp is the most conve- nient means of illuminating the sliders ; but where exhibitions are produced before larger and adult audiences, other and more effec- tual means of illumination are resorted to.

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3. - It might be imagined Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 22:47:20 +0000
For several years, the lanterns by which dissolving views, and other effects, have been produced in the public exhibitions in London, have been illuminated by the oxy-hydrogen light. This light proceeds from a ball or cylinder of lime, rendered incandescent, or white hot, by the flame of a blow pipe, from which a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen gases, in the proportion in which these gases produce water, issues. It might be imagined that the light produced by a piece of solid matter like lime, however intensely heated, could never be brilliant enough to produce a strong illumination; nevertheless, the light radiated from the lime in this case, was the most intense artificial light which had ever been produced, until the invention of another, which we shall presently notice.

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4. - This method of illumination, though Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 22:57:39 +0000
In the oxy-hydrogen lanterns, the cylinder of lime is mounted so as to occupy the place of the flame of the lamp in the axis of the lenses. The flame of the blow pipe is projected upon that side of it which is presented towards the lenses, and since the lime, though it does not undergo combustion, is gradually wasted by the action of the flame, it is kept in slow revolution by clock- work, connected with the axis upon which it is supported, so as to present to the flame successively different parts of its surface. This method of illumination, though still continued, is greatly surpassed in splendour by that of the electric light, which has recently been applied to the magic lantern by M Dubosc, the successor of M Soleil, the celebrated Paris optician.

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5. - 257 The wires H K Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 23:08:52 +0000
The electric light is produced by bringing two pieces of charcoal, previously put in connection with the poles of a voltaic battery, nearly into contact ; the volta current will then pass from one to the other, the ends of the charcoal thus nearly in contact becom- ing incandescent, and emitting the most brilliant artificial light which has ever yet been produced. The method of mounting this illuminating apparatus in the lantern ia shown in. 257 The wires H K, being connected with the poles of the battery, are attached to two pieces of metal, the negative wire H communicating with the upper pencil of charcoal, c, and the positive wire K with the lower charcoal pencil, a.

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6. - To prevent this Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 23:24:16 +0000
The points of the pencils being nearly in contact, the light will be produced in the manner just explained. Although the charcoal does not, properly speaking, undergo combustion, it is gradually wasted, and when the points would thus become sepa- rated, the current would be suspended, and, therefore, the light would cease. To prevent this, and to maintain the illumination, an apparatus con- sisting of clockwork is provided in the case p, by which the charcoal pencil, a, is kept nearly in contact with the pencil, c.

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7. - This is accomplished by placing Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 23:37:40 +0000
The clockwork is so constructed that its motion is governed by the current. M Dubosc has contrived means, by which a single electric light will serve to illuminate at the same time two lanterns, placed side by side for exhibition. This is accomplished by placing the light between two reflectors, so inclined that each reflects it in the direction of the axis of one of the lanterns.

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8. - But by the substitution Post Date: Mon, 4 Aug 2008 23:48:16 +0000
As an instrument for popular and general instruction, the solar microscope holds a high place. Until recently, its use has been restricted in these climates, by the circumstance of bright sun- shine, and a room having a suitable aspect, being conditions indis- pensable for its performance. But by the substitution of the oxy- hydrogen light, and, more recently still, of the electric light, the utility and pleasure, derivable from this instrument of popular illustration, have been immensely extended.

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9. - Since it is desired Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 0:03:17 +0000
527 The principle of the solar microscope is the same as that of the magic lantern already explained. The instrument consists of two parts, essentially distinct one from another : the first, the illuminating ; and the second, the magnifying part. Since it is desired to exhibit a very enlarged optical image of a very minute object, and since the light which is spread over the image can only be that which falls on the object, it is evident that the brightness of the image will be more faint than that of the object, in the exact proportion in which the surface of the former is greater than that of the latter.

Autor of the post: Undefined

10. - But, in fact Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 0:20:57 +0000
To illustrate this, let us suppose that the object exhibited is an insect, a quarter of an inch in length, and that it is magnified 40 times in its linear dimensions, the length of the optical image will then be 10 inches, and its surface will be 1600 times greater than that of the object. The light, therefore, which illuminates the object, supposing the whole of it to be transmitted to the optical image, being diffused over a surface 1600 times greater, will be 1600 times more faint. But, in fact, the whole of the light never is transmitted, a consider- able part of it being lost in various ways in passing from the object to the screen.

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